The common toad, a useful batrachian for your garden

Spring is approaching, slowly but surely, and for some, it will be tomorrow, the day after tomorrow; only the temperature, humidity and light will trigger the awakening after 3 to 4 months of winter rest of the most repulsive "monster", the most popular belief and always associated with witchcraft.

But, did you know that this host of the earth, of forests, gardens, swamps, ditches, ponds, of the plain as well as the mountains, of the city (it can be found in some parks in Geneva) as well as of the countryside, is the most useful for the protection of your salads?

Come on, the author is delirious; well, no, because this "residue of a disgusting elixir extract that everyone worships..." plays a crucial role in the destruction and regulation of all kinds of invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, caterpillars, beetles, ants, and many more, whose existence you could not imagine.

It is the largest toad: the female can reach 12 cm (even 18 cm in the south of Europe), the male reaches quietly 8 to 9 cm and is provided with strong forearms whose three internal fingers are provided with rough and blackish pads named "callosities", in period of reproduction only. One can also recognize this one by seizing it, it will then emit some croaking while the female will remain mute.

35 years of existence, not without risk!

The life span of our "salad protector" can exceed 35 years unless, by mistake, it ventures to swallow a poisoned slug, hence the importance of using natural methods (saucers filled with beer) to eliminate gastropods if the damage done to the vegetable garden is major.

The natural predators of the common toad are mainly the garter snake, the hedgehog and certain birds such as the crow. Another factor that shortens the life of this amphibian is the high mortality during spring migration on our country roads crossing their territories. Indeed, as soon as the weather conditions become favorable for awakening and reproduction, thousands of toads move to their egg-laying site, which corresponds to their birthplace in general: they must then often cross busy roads. Hundreds of them will perish under the wheels of unconcerned motorists or even those who cannot do otherwise because there are so many of them. Remember, the road is not only slippery when it rains, it is doubly dangerous when it rains and when the amphibians are present.

Fortunately, there are now amphibian migration "tunnels" that are placed under the roadways that cross important migration routes, but there are still too few...

The reproduction of toads

After these asphalt considerations, let's get back to our toad. The males are so eager to find a mate that they can cling to a female for up to ten times, and she may drown under the burden. Females can sometimes be seen dead from disembowelment due to the power of the forearms of the first male clamped who was clutching harder and harder while other suitors were clutching in turn.

About reproduction, let us point out that the female is able to lay about 8000 eggs arranged in double gelatinous cords hung on aquatic plants. The tadpoles, which live in a gregarious way, are easily recognized by their modest size (3cm) and their black color; they gather in bands near the surface and at the edge of water points where the temperature is higher. Most of them will perish from predator attacks (aquatic insect larvae, newts, fish), or from unfavorable conditions (pollution, drying up) and only 1% of them will produce an adult capable of giving offspring. The obstacle course is particularly selective for all toads and frogs.

The "toad rains" as they were called in the past are due to the massive emergence of young after heavy rains. These, as soon as the metamorphosis takes place, which generally takes place at the end of June, take refuge in small crevices of the ground or under stones and plant debris. They will then lead all their life a terrestrial existence (except for the laying of eggs), crepuscular and nocturnal. The toad is a homebody, seems to know its hunting territory very well and always returns to the same refuge, year after year.

Reminder

The handling of the animal is not dangerous for humans. On the other hand, all amphibians and reptiles are strictly protected, as well as their biotopes. The taking of specimens in the wild is forbidden.

The salamander, a nocturnal amphibian

Legendary animal, symbol of passion, emblem of François 1er, the salamander has the reputation of being able to live in the middle of flames. But who is really this small amphibian?

The salamander, a discreet animal

Salamandra salamandra, more commonly known as 'Spotted Salamander' is an amphibian of 12 to 25 cm length living in humid forest environments. It is quite common in all deciduous and coniferous forests of medium altitude on the whole territory including Corsica. Easily recognizable by its shiny black body spotted with yellow, the salamander has webbed feet and a well-structured tail. Its big black eyes are arranged on both sides of its snout all in roundness. This rather terrestrial amphibian frequents streams and springs but does not live directly in water. Nocturnal, the salamander hides during the day under rocks, stumps, and can even invest the burrow of a rodent.

Carnivorous, it feeds on worms, small mollusks and insects.

In winter, salamanders enter into diapause and live in slow motion under the shelter of a stump or in a rock crevice until spring, when they will come out and frequent wetlands in order to reproduce. Ovoviviparous, the female deposits her larvae directly in a spring, a fountain or a small stream. The water must be well oxygenated and therefore in motion. Provided with external feathery gills, the larvae have the capacity to swim as soon as they are expelled and to devour mud worms, larvae of all kinds and even their fellow creatures! After 5 months of this diet, and a metamorphosis later, they will be transformed into salamanders and will be able to leave the water to begin their terrestrial life. The sexual maturity will be reached at the age of 4 years, but if the salamander escapes its predators (snakes, wild boars, hedgehogs, raptors...) it will be able to live more than 20 years.

The different species of salamanders

The spotted salamander (Salamandra salamandra) which we mentioned above is the most common and can be found in the whole country if the ecosystem is suitable. It can be recognized by its shiny black body with yellow/orange spots and its relatively large size compared to other species.

The Lanza's salamander (Salamandra lanzai) is very rare and exclusively represented in the High Alps between 1600 and 2200 m of altitude. It likes humid alpine grasslands and moves early in the morning. Its body is all black, shiny and does not exceed 15 cm in length. This salamander has an IUCN conservation status as it is considered a vulnerable species.

The black salamander (Salamandra atra) is less attached to the wetland than the other species. From 9 to 12 cm for the male and a maximum of 15 cm for the female, this salamander has a shiny black body marked by circular costal grooves. It is found only in the Alps. A subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae, dotted with large cream-colored spots lives in the southern Italian Alps.

The Corsican salamander (Salamandra corsica) is endemic to this island where it can be found up to 1800m altitude. It looks like the spotted salamander with its shiny black body dotted with yellow/orange spots. This protected species is listed in Annex III of the Bern Convention, Annex IV of the Habitat Directive and classified as a "species to watch" in the red list of amphibians and reptiles.

The spotted salamander, a dragon in the undergrowth

Legendary, known to all, the spotted salamander is found on rare occasions. On rainy evenings they come out, sometimes by the dozen, on the paths, at the edge of the fountains, in the garden. Then they return to their underground life, secret. Let's go and discover the unusual world of the Salamanders.

A miniature dragon in the undergrowth?

Its body of about fifteen centimeters rests on four short legs, and is extended by a round, tapered tail. Its colors, a shiny black dotted with yellow, allow to recognize it unequivocally. Its head has two large black eyes adapted to night and twilight vision, followed by two protuberances, the typical parotoid glands. Its appearance is almost reptilian, yet the Spotted Salamander, Salamandra salamandra, belongs to the class of Amphibians, vertebrates leading a double life, terrestrial for the adults, aquatic for the young. Alongside the Tritons, with a flat tail, it joins the order of the Urodeles, while Frogs and Toads are classified in the Anurans.

An adult life far from water

Surprisingly, for Amphibians, Salamanders spend their adult life far from the aquatic environment, but like humidity. They hibernate during the coldest months, under stones, old stumps, borrowing old rodent burrows. They rest during the summer heat, seeking coolness in their underground caches. They hunt at dusk, at night, snails, insects, earthworms, millipedes, spiders, caterpillars, sowbugs... Prey of all sizes, held in their powerful jaws before being swallowed.

And in their life cycle, even the mating season remains terrestrial.

Males and females, terrestrial meetings

As soon as they come out of hibernation, at the beginning of March, until September, the mating season will take place, entirely terrestrial. Preferring the month of July, the males from the age of 2, 3 years look for a female. They establish contact, with their head resting on her back. If the moment is favourable, the male slides under his partner, lifts her up slightly and holds her by a grip between her front legs. Fertilization is internal. Then follows for the female a long gestation, of several months. Eight in total. At the end of which she will finally return to the aquatic environment, so that her young develop there.

Small Salamanders long protected

The long gestation of the Salamander allows it to protect its eggs and to give birth to larvae already formed. After a migration towards a brook, a pond, a fountain, an active cave, it immerses itself partially... And releases about twenty larvae of 2 to 3 cm long; the most robust will go up to 60... Sharing the same habitat, Red Frogs, Common Toads, Alpine Tritons, have not adopted the same reproductive strategy, and to compensate for predation lay hundreds, thousands of eggs. In the case of the Salamander, the larvae are autonomous from birth.

Perennial larvae

Lively, the small larvae spin on their four legs, undulating with their long flat tail. They can be noticed by their finely branched external gills, the clear spot marking the base of their legs. Discreet, rather grayish, they hide in crevices, under stones, between roots, trying to dodge formidable predators, carnivorous insects, birds, aquatic shrews, trouts in deeper waters... And larvae of Salamanders bigger than them. Carnivorous, they hunt mosquito larvae, mayflies, gammarids, and become cannibals if needed. After 4 months of this diet, and several moults, the young Salamanders leave the water, for a long terrestrial life of several decades.

A long, long life

The longevity of Salamanders is exceptional, 30 years in the wild, up to 50 in captivity. Their absence of predators is one of the causes. Some have taken the risk, but they will not forget its yellow and black colors. Nor its toxic venom, secreted by the parotoid glands and the verrucous protuberances arranged in a line all along its body. This venom, dangerous alkaloid, is a neurotoxic aggressive for the mucous membranes, mouth and eyes. On the epidermis, the human skin, it can create irritations. For Salamanders, the protection is long-lasting, especially since it is completed with an anti-fungal and anti-bacterial action.

Many subspecies

If the spotted salamanders are distributed throughout Europe, we can not find 2 similar, their coloring varies considerably and is specific to each individual.

On the other hand, depending on the habitat, one can recognize about ten subspecies.

• Salamandra salamandra terrestris, widespread in France, has two parallel bands of yellow spots, sometimes in a continuous line;
• Salamandra salamandra salamandra, from the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans, has small spots;
• Salamandra salamandra fastuosa lives in the central Pyrenees, Cantabrian Mountains, with her the yellow predominates, in long and wide lines;
• Salamandra salamandra bechkovi will meet in Bulgaria;
• Salamandra salamandra crespoi, bejarae and almanzoris will be distributed in Spain. Among all these subspecies some have had to adapt to difficult climatic conditions.

The subspecies of Spain

Faced with heat and drought, the Salamanders of southern Europe no longer hibernate in winter, but in summer, burying themselves in cool, damp hiding places in the hottest months. Their adaptation also involves protecting their young.

The subspecies Salamandra salamandra bernardezi, in the North-West of Spain, will give birth to young Salamanders already formed, equipped with lungs, about twenty on average.

In Portugal and North-Western Spain, Salamandra salamandra gallaica, can return to the water to deposit its larvae, but also prolong its gestation, waiting for the larvae to finish their development internally, protecting them and freeing itself from the constraints of the aquatic environment.

Mountain species

The Spotted Salamander also has some European cousins adapted not to the heat, but to the cold. The Black Salamander, Salamandra atra, lives in the mountains of the Alps. Black, rarely spotted with yellow, thin, not very big, it lives in beech forests, seeks clearings and edges. It will be found in alpine meadows if scree slopes, hiding places, allow it to protect itself during the day and to hibernate in winter. Up in the mountains the good season is short, the Black Salamander has opted for maximum protection of its young. She will keep them inside her throughout their development, from the egg to the young Salamander. The gestation can last 2 to 3 years depending on the altitude, then only 2 young Salamanders will be born, already big, 4 to 5 cm, autonomous and resistant.

Human legends

Fascinating, mysterious, the Salamander is at the heart of many legends. It has a strange relationship with fire, able to cross it, to be reborn in it, even to extinguish it. Where does she get her magical powers? From its invincibility, from its venom, linked to its black and gold colors? From its habitat, when it emerges from under the stones of a fireplace, from a half-burned log? Or its appearance, closer to a dragon than a frog? And its ability to regenerate certain parts of its body, its exceptional longevity, do they also contribute to give it a special place in our imagination?

The Spotted Salamander and its numerous subspecies are widespread. They have adapted to a variety of habitats, even coming close to human dwellings offering suitable conditions.

The ranatre, a carnivorous bug in the pond

Concealed in the weed beds, the ranatre patiently awaits its prey. Under the frightened eyes of the children who observe the fascinating life of the aquatic world.

The "twig" bug of fresh water

It carefully moves its long body, 35 mm, on its 6 long legs, in the middle of aquatic plants. Water is its element. Like a twig, it remains motionless, observing its environment with its large round eyes. She captures her preys with her front legs transformed into ravenous claws, piercing them with her biting and sucking rostrum. The ranatre, Ranatra linearis, insect of the family Nepidae, is none other than an aquatic bug, known as heteropteran, a formidable predator of calm waters, common in the entire Palearctic zone.

It breathes oxygen from the air...under water

The ranatre lives, hunts, reproduces, under water. But it has neither gills nor breathing membranes. Then to find its oxygen it is equipped with a tuba. The end of its abdomen is extended by a long tube, made up of 2 half-stems with gutters, just as long as its body. This respiratory siphon links it to the air, allowing it to feed its tracheal system in air. It prefers to hunt close to the surface, in order to get regular supplies with less effort.

A carnivore on the lookout

At length of respiratory siphon of the surface, twig in the grasses, the ranatre settles and does not move any more. She waits. Aquatic insects, larvae, small crustaceans, tadpoles, and even small fish, are on its menu. If they pass within its reach, its legs fold up on the prey, hold it in a vice, hook and spine effectively close it. The continuation is terrible for the catch. And the observer. Seeing a small tadpole being pierced by the rostrum of the ranatre, being predigested, then absorbed by the hunter, is impressive, and not belonging to this small world is rather reassuring...

A clumsy swimmer

If the ranatre lives under water, swimming is not really her domain. It prefers to move at its own pace from plant to plant, hanging on with its long legs, which are not equipped with swimming bristles like its cousins the Notonectes and Naucores. And if it does not swim, or badly, it is able to leave water, to let itself dry, and... to take its flight. She spreads her wings, of a beautiful translucent blue, and leaves in search of new territories. Surprisingly, she reveals a red abdomen of the most beautiful effect, unexpected under her yellowish colors.

Males and females, aquatic meetings

The reproduction of ranatres takes place in spring. The female pierces the plants with her caudal auger and deposits eggs of about 2 mm, either scattered or in a line, depending on the plants chosen or available. 2 small air filaments are visible to the naked eye. At the hatching, the small ones resemble the adults, 5 larval stages will follow one another during 2 months to lead to the ranatre of final size. Which will live approximately 2 years.

If the ranatre is impressive when it captures its preys, to observe it cleaning itself delicately with its front legs, to stiffen like a twig, to deposit a line of eggs on a water lily, to fly away all colored, is a spectacle of which one does not get tired.

The notonect, a bee with its head upside down

A slender silhouette, the Notonecte criss-crosses the waters of the pond, spinning towards the surface, where it stops for a brief moment, legs and abdomen brushing the mirror. As if posed on the air, in an inverted world.

The freshwater "bee" bug

An essential inhabitant of ponds, the glaucous notonect cannot go unnoticed, a small insect of 15 mm, regularly emerging on the surface, to come and breathe. Always in a characteristic posture, the back downwards, its back legs allowing it to swim vigorously. Aquatic bug, it crosses its cousins, the Ranatre and the Nepe. And is just as carnivorous, consuming its prey with its stinging-sucking rostrum. Among half a dozen species of Notonectinae in Europe, Notonecta glauca is certainly the most common. Its life is entirely aquatic, from the egg to the adult.

It lives underwater but breathes oxygen from the air

Like many aquatic insects, the Notonecte has kept an air breathing mode. Only the larvae just out of the egg breathe under water, through the integuments. As soon as they grow, they must go up to the surface of water and constitute a reserve of air. This will be done at the level of the elytra, semi-membranous upper wings, and the silks of the abdomen. The network of tracheas will thus be able to be supplied with fresh air during the periods of immersion.

Effective hunting techniques

Patient, the Notonectes can hunt on the lookout, waiting for an unwary prey. An efficient swimmer, equipped with vibration detectors, it can also launch into fast, precise chases, where it leaves little chance for crustaceans, insects, worms, and even tadpoles or small fish. Its front legs hold its meal, pierced by the stinging-sucking rostrum. A first channel will allow him to inject a salivary juice paralyzing and digestive. By a second channel it will absorb its liquefied menu.

A powerful vision

The effectiveness of the hunting techniques of the Notonecte is reinforced by a highly sophisticated vision. Its two large black eyes defy the laws of optics and allow it to see under water, on water and above water.

At the same time. The adaptation to its living environment, to the interaction of the aquatic world and the aerial world, is optimal. Posed on the surface of the water, back downwards, tips of legs and abdomen maintained by the surface tension, it watches. Any prey coming from the sky, stranded on the water, or swimming quietly, will be spotted. And consumed.

The backstroke swimmer

Its name describes its appearance, "nocto" meaning back, "necte", swimming. The notonecte splits the water with its belly upwards, its elytra carinated downwards. With its long back legs covered with bristles it propels itself with efficiency, its swimming is fast, incisive, with a jerky rhythm. Placed on the surface of the water in an inverted position, it paddles gently, attentive to the slightest vibration, the slightest movement. Efficient to move in aquatic environment, the Notonecte is much more clumsy on the ground, encumbered by its two long back legs. It prefers to fly away, deploying its two pairs of wings, and in a soft roar leave towards new ponds or ponds to colonize.

Males and females, aquatic meetings

Pairs of Notonectes are formed at the end of winter, after fertilization the eggs are laid in the tissues of aquatic plants. Small larvae emerge, similar to adults, but clear, soft, without wings and reproductive organs. They will evolve to their adult form in five successive stages, and will be ready at the end of the summer to hibernate. The very first heat will see them come to the surface, ready for a new reproductive cycle.

The Notonecte is one of the most present insects of the ponds. A calm water, plants, abundant preys, it will not miss the call. Easy to observe, it is however better not to touch it, its rostrum then becoming defensive and provoking sharp pains similar to bee stings.

The aquatic shrew, a mouse in the pond

It comes out at sunset, scurries along the banks wriggling its long snout, dives into the pond to fish for small larvae. Discreet, the Crossope passes unnoticed.

The shrews, a large family

If we know the common shrew, small but great ally of the gardener, its semi-aquatic cousin, the Crossope, remains unknown. Frequent host of rivers, watercress beds, ponds and ditches, Neomys fodiens belongs to the same family, the Soricidae. It shows the same pointed, mobile snout, with long whiskers; its coat is rather grayish to black, with a well marked white belly. Of beautiful size, it measures up to 10 cm, without forgetting the tail, that is 8 cm more! This makes it the largest of the dozen shrews present in France.

An insatiable insectivore

The aquatic shrew comes out at sunset and is active all night long, looking for preys, mainly small invertebrates. On the menu: underwater, aquatic insect larvae, crustaceans, fry; on land, beetles, snails, worms, and even amphibians and small mammals. If its sight is weak, its sense of smell and hearing are excellent. Reinforced by mobile vibrissae, real underwater detectors. Its preys thus located, it seizes them with its small red and pointed teeth, poisons them by the toxic juices of its salivary glands. This is an efficient strategy, allowing this small mammal with high energy expenditure to be fed in abundance.

An accomplished swimmer

Water is its element, the aquatic shrew never goes too far from it. If it trots on the banks, it regularly dives with ease, swims between two waters, circulates on the bottom, goes up and floats like a cork.

It is nicknamed the "frame shrew". Its hind feet are lined with stiff hairs, reinforcing its support. Its tail is also equipped with two rows of the same hairs, and plays a powerful propelling role. Its coat is perfectly water repellent, and to complete the equipment, its auditory holes are obturable. An accomplished swimmer that will dig its burrow on the banks to house its young.

Many young

From April onwards, Crossopes are concerned about their offspring. Males and females meet each other, sometimes a little harshly. Through a small hole of 2 cm in diameter, the female will enter her carefully dug burrow. She will line it with plants rolled into a ball to accommodate 6 young on average. Her gestation will have lasted 2 weeks, 3 at the most. The reproduction will take place until September, the peak of the births being in May-June. The young will become adults after a few months and will reproduce in general the second year.

They will live at best 2 years. Mortality in the aquatic shrew is important, in the young as well as in the adults, especially during the breeding season.

Light traces

Discreet, nocturnal or crepuscular, the Crossope is difficult to see. Minute traces let us guess its passage. The fine and humid mud of the banks will be marked with light prints, with five fingers, without webbing. The posterior foot will measure hardly 1 to 1,5 cm, the anterior one will be even smaller. The droppings are almost invisible: 5 mm long, for 2 mm of diameter. Tiny droppings can be seen... Occasionally some remains of meals are observed, shells of snails, cases of caddisfly larvae, or better a larder supplied with preys half consumed. Other indication of presence, small acute nocturnal cries...

Small discreet mammal, the aquatic shrew plays an essential role in the aquatic ecosystems. But the degradation of its habitats is beginning to impact its populations, on the IUCN lists it is classified as a species of minor concern on the whole French territory, but in some departments the species is becoming almost threatened, vulnerable, even endangered.